流体力学(英文课件)chap4.pptVIP

FluidMechanics2010CNChapter3Basicsof

FluidMechanics

Chapter3:§3to4

MarcHenn

Ph.D.,MechanicalEngineer*Contents3.3ContinuityEquation,Divergence3.4ChoiceofControlVolume一、理想流动与粘性流动二、可压缩流动与不可压缩流动三、定常流动与非定常流动六、一维流动二维流动三维流动七、重力流与非重力流（压力流、射流）四、均匀流与非均匀流（渐变流与急变流）五、有旋流动与无旋流动?3-3流体运动的分类3.SeriesExpansion(级数展开jíshùzhǎnkāi)(1)3.KinematicsofFluidMotionConsideracontinuousfunctionfofx:f(x)

Then,thevalueoffatthelocationof(x+Δx)canbeestimatedfromaTaylorseriesexpandedaboutx,thatis:Firstguess

(notverygood)AddtocaptureslopeAddtoaccountforcurvatureApproximationforthevalueoffatthelocationof(x+Δx):3.SeriesExpansion(级数展开jíshùzhǎnkāi)(1)3.KinematicsofFluidMotionf(x+Δx)Firstguess

(notverygood)AddtocaptureslopeAddtoaccountforcurvature12f(x)xxΔxdxdf12x+Δxexactvalue3.Massfluxdensity(1)3.KinematicsofFluidMotionThevelocityuisnormaltotheareaAandconstantoverA.ThemassfluxormassflowrateQmthroughtheareaAis:TheinfinitemassfluxdensityisdefinedasmassflowrateQmperareaA:Usingthefirst2termsofaTaylorseriesasapproximationofthefunctionvaluesatthelocations(x+Δx)and(x-Δx):uATheprincipleofmassconservation:TheContinuityEquation?三维流动的连续性方程取微元体，如图所示同理得或DifferentialContinuityEquationGradientoperator“del”Massflowthroughinfinitesimalcontrolvolumeinx-directionMassinflow

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MassoutflowTimerateofchangeofmass?3-3

连续方程式对不可压缩流体：对定常流动：散度是流体力学运动的基本方程式是不可压缩流动存在的充要条件例3-5、例3-6Foranincompressibleflow:?3-3

连续方程式operator“div”(=divergence)fora

steadyflow:Thetimerateofchangeofthevolumeofamovingincompressiblefluidelementperunitvolumeiszero.Thesurfaceintegralonthemassfluxthroughaclosedsurface(controlvolume)canbeevaluatedeasilyundertheseconditions:Thesurfaceconsistsofastreamtube.The