微生物学微生物学 (45).docVIP

Hieveryone,inthissection,wewilltalkaboutgeneticmaterial.

00:23

Afterwatchingthisvideo,youshouldbeabletotellfirstly,discoveryhistoryofgeneticmaterial,secondly,howdoesagenetransferthegeneticinformationintoaprotein?

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Nowadays,itiswidelyknownthatDNAisthegeneticmaterial,however,proteinratherthannucleicacidwasconsideredasthebettercandidateforstoringgeneticinformationforalongtime.Onthenext,wewillreviewthehistoryofgeneticmaterialdiscovery.

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TheearlyworkofFredGriffithin1928setthestageforresearchshowingthatDNAwasindeedthegeneticmaterial.Inhisresearch,twotypesofpneumococciwasused,thevirulentStypeandthenon-virulentRtype.Griffithfoundthatifheboiledvirulentbacteriaandinjectedthemintomice,themicewerenota?ected,whilethemixtureofboiledStypeandtheliveRtypecancausemicetodeath.Stypebacteriacanbeisolatedfromthedeadmice;therefore,theremustbesomethingthatcantransformRtypeintoStype.

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OswaldAveryandhiscolleaguesthensetouttodiscoverwhichconstituentintheheat-killedvirulentpneumococciwasresponsiblefortransformation.TheyusedenzymestoselectivelydestroyDNA,RNA,orproteininpurifiedextractsofvirulentStypestrains.TheythenexposednonvirulentRtypestrainstothetreatedextracts.TransformationofthenonvirulentbacteriawasblockedonlyiftheDNAwasdestroyed,suggestingthatDNAwascarryingtheinformationrequiredfortransformation.

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AlfredHersheyandMarthaChasewantedtoknowifproteinorDNAcarriedthegeneticinformationofabacterialviruscalledT2bacteriophage.TheyperformedexperimentsinwhichtheymadethevirussDNAradioactivewith32P,orlabeleditsproteincoatwith35S.Theyfoundthatmostradioactiveproteinwasreleasedintothesupernatant,whereas32PDNAremainedwithinthebacteria.SinceDNAenteredthecellsandT2progenywerepr