微生物学微生物学 (41).docVIP

NutrientUptake

P1Afterreadingthissection,youshouldbeableto:

?Distinguishmacroelements(macronutrients)frommicronutrients(traceelements)andprovideexamplesofeach

?Compareandcontrastpassivediffusion,facilitateddiffusion,activetransport,andgrouptranslocation,andprovideexamplesofeach

Microbesneedtoobtainnutrientsfromtheenvironmenttosurvive.P2Allplasmamembranesfunctionasbarriers.Buttheymustallowmovementofnutrientsintothecell.

（6个圆圈动图依次进入）Thereare6macroelementsormacronutrients,includingcarbon,oxygen,hydrogen,nitrogen,sulfur,andphosphorus,becausetheyarerequiredinrelativelylargeamounts.Theyarefoundinorganicmoleculessuchasproteins,lipids,nucleicacids,andcarbohydrates.

（4个圆圈动图依次进入）Othermacroelementsarepotassium,calcium,magnesium,andiron.Theyexistascationsandgenerallyareassociatedwithandcontributetotheactivityandstabilityofmoleculesandcellstructuressuchasenzymesandribosomes.

P3

Otherelementsarerequiredinsmallamounts,wecallthemmicronutrientsortraceelements.Themicronutrients----manganese,zinc,cobalt,molybdenum,nickel,andcopperareneededbymostcells.Micronutrientsareapartofcertainenzymes,andtheyaidinthecatalysisofreactionsandmaintenanceofproteinstructure.

P4

Whatarethecommonfeaturesofnutrientuptakebybacteria?Bacteriacanonlytakeindissolvedmolecules.Uptakemechanismsarespecific;thatis,thenecessarysubstances,andnotothers,areacquired.Itdoesacellnogoodtotakeinasubstancethatitcannotuse.Bacteriaareabletotransportnutrientsintothecellevenwhentheconcentrationofanutrientinsidethecellishigherthantheconcentrationoutside.Thustheyareabletomovenutrientsupaconcentrationgradient.Thisisimportantbecausebacteriaoftenliveinnutrient-poorhabitats.

P5

Inviewoftheenormousvarietyofnutrientsandthecomplexityofthetask,it