微生物学微生物学 (46).docVIP

Hello,everyone.Inthissection,wewilltalkaboutwheredoesgeneticmaterialexist.

00:25

Afterwatchingthisvideo,youshouldbeabletotell:firstly,Locationandformofgeneticmaterial,andsecondly,Typesofplasmid,

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Generally,geneticmaterialexistsat7levels;theyarecell,nucleus,chromosome,nucleotides,gene,geneticcode,andnucleicacid.

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Anotherimportantexistingformofgeneticmaterialisplasmid.A?plasmid?isasmall?DNA?moleculewithinacellthatisphysicallyseparatedfroma?chromosomalDNA?andcanreplicateindependently.Theyaremostcommonlyfoundassmallcircular,double-strandedDNAmoleculesin?bacteria.

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Generally,plasmidscanbeclassifiedinto5types.Thefirstone,Conjugativeplasmid.Secondone,Resistanceplasmid.Thethirdone,Bacteriocin-producingandantibioticplasmid.Theforthone,Plasmidswithphysiologicalfunctions.Thefifthone,Toxinproducingplasmid.

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Onthenext,let’stakealookatthepropertiesofsomeclassicplasmids.Pleaselookatthepictureonthescreen;itisthegeneticmapofE.coliFplasmid.The?fertilityfactorallowsgenestobetransferredfromonebacteriumcarryingthefactortoanotherbacteriumlackingthefactorby?conjugation.?F-plasmidsareplasmidsthatcanbeinsertedintochromosomalDNA.BacteriathathavetheF-plasmidareknownasFpositive(F+),andbacteriawithoutitareFnegative(F–).

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ThispicturedepictsthegeneticmapofResistanceplasmid,whichisalsocalledRfactor.RfactoriscomposedoftwoDNAfragments,oneiscalledresistancetransferfactor,orRTF;anotheriscalledr-determinant.Often,R-factorscodeformorethanoneantibioticresistancefactor:genesthatencoderesistancetounrelated?antibiotics?maybecarriedonasingleR-factor,sometimesupto8differentresistances.TransferofResistancefactoramongbacteriaisoneimportantreasonthatbacteriaacquiringantibioticresistance.

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Colplasmid,whichcon