论文-Abstract--conclusion--开题报告课件.pptVIP

?Abstract

?conclusion

?开题报告1.

HowtoWriteAbstract？DefinitionandcomponentsofanabstractSamplesofabstractwriting2.

AnAbstractshouldbeviewedasaminiatureversionofthepaper.TheAbstractshouldprovideabriefsummaryofeachofthemainsectionsofthepaper:Introduction,MaterialsandMethods,Results,andDiscussion.AsHoughton(1975)putsit,“Anabstractcanbedefinedasasummaryoftheinformationinadocument.”美国《化学文摘》、《生物文摘》和英联邦农业局的文摘系统对文摘的定义是“对原文献内容准确、扼要的表达。不加补充解释和评论”。I.Definition3.

TheAbstractshould(1)statetheprincipalobjectivesandscopeoftheinvestigation；(2)describethemethodsemployed；(3)summarizetheresults；(4)statetheprincipalconclusions.4.

WhenwritingtheAbstract,examineeverywordcarefully.Ifyoucantellyourstoryin100words,donotuse200.MostoftheAbstractshouldbewritteninthepasttense,becauseitreferstoworkdone.TheAbstractshouldnevergiveanyinformationorconclusionthatisnotstatedinthepaper.ReferencestotheliteraturemustnotbecitedintheAbstract(exceptinrareinstances,suchasmodificationofapreviouslypublishedmethod).Likewise,theAbstractshouldnotincludeorrefertotablesandfigures.Payattention！5.

informativeabstract信息性/报道性/资料性摘要

-theprimaryresearchobjectiveorpurpose

-methodemployedinsolvingtheproblems

-principalfindingsorresults

-majorconclusionsandservesasasubstituteforthefullpaperdescriptiveabstract指示性/说明性/描述性摘要

outlinesthetopicscoveredinthepaperandislikeatableofcontentsinparagraphform.Structureofabstract|Classificationofabstracts6.

Structureofabstract|

StructureofaninformativeabstractBackground–whydoyouwanttodotheresearch?Researchquestion

–whatquestionareyoutryingtoanswerandwhatistheresearchtopicofyou