section 1-3 Ohm’s Law资料.pptVIP

* Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Section 3 Ohm’s Law Text New Words and Expressions Exercises End Process of Translation Section3 Ohm’s Law The circuit element used to model the current-resisting behavior of a material is the resistor. The resistor is the simplest passive element. Georg Simon Ohm (1787～1854), a German physicist, is credited with formulating the current-voltage relationship for a resistor based on experiments performed in 1826. This relationship is known as Ohms Law. Section3 Ohm’s Law Ohms Law states that the voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the current flowing through the resistor. The constant of proportionality is the resistance value of the resistor in ohms. The circuit symbol for the resistor is shown in Fig.1-8. For the current and voltage shown, Ohms law is Fig.1-8 Circuit symbol for the resistor (1-9) Section3 Ohm’s Law where R ≥0 is the resistance in ohms. Rearranging Eq. (1-9) into the form R = u(t) / i(t), we see that l ohm = l V/A The symbol used to represent the ohm is the capital Greek omega (Ω) . Since R is constant, Eq.(1-9) is the equation of a straight line. For this reason, the resistor is called a linear resistor. A graph of u(t) versus i(t) is shown in Fig.1-9, which is a line passing through the origin with a slope of R. Obviously, a straight line is the Section3 Ohm’s Law only graph possible for which the ratio of u(t) to i(t) is constant for all i(t). Resistors whose resistances do not remain constant for different terminal currents are known as nonlinear resistors. For such a resistor, the resistance is a function of the current flowing in the device. Fig.1-9 Voltage-current characteristic for a linear resistor Section3 Ohm’s Law A simple example of a nonlinear resistor is an incandescent lamp. A typical voltage-current characteristic for this device is shown in Fig.1-10, where we see that the graph is no longer