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UNIT 1 同位语跟在所修饰的名词之后，可表示相同的事物或人，也可对 该名词进行说明。同位语与所修饰的名词之间可以用各种标点符 号隔开，这时同位语可以对标点符号前的整个句子进行说明。 ＊PCM is dependent on three separate operations, sampling, quantizing, and coding. ＊Substances fall into three groups: conductors, semiconductors and insulators. ＊The laser is able to amplify light  one unique property. ＊(9 -4) can only be applied provided that the unsaturated gain coefficient exceeds the losses , a necessary requirement for oscillation. 这里列举了同位语位于句尾，修饰最后一个名词或整个句子的情 况。还有其它的情况，课文中遇到时在讲。 介词短语for doing something 作后置定语，表示目的，意思为用 于的。 ＊algorithmsfor decoding received signals ＊Schemesfor performing these three functions have evolved, and shall describe the main ones. ＊这里的ones 是代词, 避免重复。 ＊A working equation expresses the unknown quantity in terms of the known ones. ＊These equations are called differential equations, and now their study forms one of the most challenging branches of mathematics. We shall see how a speech channel be conveyed as a series of amplitude values, each value being represented as a sequence of 8 binary digits. ＊分词短语出现在句尾，用逗号隔开，表示伴随 情况说明，非常常见。 ＊这时分词短语的逻辑主语经常省略。 ＊被省略的逻辑主语多数情况下指的是主句的主 语或逗号前整个句子的含义，点也有少数列外。 具体情况以后结合课文讲解。 ＊It is that (which, when, who)  强调句型，如 It is the document that is very important. It was Faraday who first discovered electromagnetic induction. ＊known as the signal-to-noise ratio 过去分词短语作 后置定语，常见，译为称之为。 ＊of the most interest to , 对最感兴趣的 of interest = interesting of importance = important 名词＋逗号＋同位语+逗号 进行说明 ＊An American, Edison, invented the first small electric lamp. ＊g, the acceleration of gravity at the earth’s surface, has the value 32 ft/sec2. 汉译英练习：（除第8题外每题只用一个谓语动词） 1. 正是数字传输为克服这种噪声环境提供了一种有力的方法。 2. 数字传输正是对于克服这种噪声环境提供了一种有力的方 法。 3. 最高频率为3.4kHz 的话音信号是用64kHz的信号来表示的， 这是一个我们昨天所学的事实。 4. 编码器是将采样幅值转换成一组脉冲的单元，它对数