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* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Gradient: vector, grad(z)=(dz/dx,dz/dy)=(b,c),and the maximum directional derivative of the plane is defined as the slope and can be computed as: slope=sqrt(b^2+c^2) * * * * * 2011.9-2011.12 Grid Network 2011.9-2011.12 Contributing Area Grid 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 12 2 2 3 2 16 6 25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 12 2 2 2 3 16 25 6 2011.9-2011.12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 11 1 1 1 2 15 24 5 Flow Accumulation 5 Cell Threshold 2011.9-2011.12 Stream Network for 5 cell Threshold Drainage Area 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 11 1 1 15 2 5 24 1 2011.9-2011.12 Watershed Draining to This Outlet 2011.9-2011.12 景观规划 景观设计 水文模拟,分析 环境模拟,评价 … DEM river system Watershed system derived from DEM by Arc Hydro Tools * * * Generalization (?), from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For any two related concepts, A and B; A is considered a generalization of concept B if and only if: every instance of concept B is also an instance of concept A; there are instances of concept A which are not instances of concept B. Example: animal is a generalization of bird because every bird is an animal, and there are animals which are not birds (dogs, for instance). * Abstraction (?), from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (免费的大百科全书) Abstraction is the process or result of generalization by reducing the information content of a concept or an observable phenomenon, typically to retain only information which is relevant for a particular purpose. For example, abstracting a leather soccer ball to a ball retains only the information on general ball attributes and behaviour. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2011.9-2011.12 Dissolving features (Generalization tools) Input features with attribute values Fewer output features with attribute values 9 15 66 15 2nd Main 1st 1st 1st 9 66 15 2nd Main 1st 2011.9-2011.12 GIS Functions - Raster Overlay (图层叠加) Neighborhood Analysis(邻域分析) DEM Surfaces DEM based hydrologic modeling flow