生物专业英语chapter 10 Genomics.pptVIP

10.1 The First Sequenced Genomes 10.2 The Functional Genomics 10.3 Proteomics 10.4 Bioinformatics – Additional Reading Chapter 10 Genomics The first genome to be sequenced, as you might expect, was a very simple one: The small DNA genome of an E. coli phage called φX174. Frederick Sanger, the inventor of the dideoxy chain termination method of DNA sequencing, obtained the sequence of this 5375-nt genome in 1977. What kind of information can we glean from this sequence? First, we can locate exactly the coding regions for all genes and the distances between them to the exact nucleotide. How do we recognize a coding region? It contains an open reading frame (ORF), a sequence of bases that, if translated in one frame, contains no stop codons for a relatively long distance-long enough to code for one of the phage proteins. Furthermore, the open reading frame must start with an ATG (or occasionally a GTG) triplet, corresponding to an AUG (or GUG) translation initiation codon, and end with a stop codon (UAG, UAA, or UGA). In other words, an open reading frame is the same as a genes coding region. 10.1 The First Sequenced Genomes The base sequence of the phage DNA also tells us the amino acid sequence of all the phage proteins. All we have to do is use the genetic code to translate the DNA base sequence of each open reading frame into the corresponding amino acid sequence. This may sound like a laborious process, but a personal computer can do it in a split second. Sangers analysis of the open reading frames of the φX174 DNA revealed something unexpected and fascinating: Some of the phage genes overlap. For example, the coding region for gene B lies within gene A and the coding region for gene E lies within gene D. Furthermore, genes D and J overlap by 1 bp. How can two genes occupy the same space and code for different proteins? The answer is that the two genes translated in different sets of codons will be encountered in these two frames, the two protein products wi