产业结构（1911-2001）外文原文.pdfVIP

2. Industrial structure Giovanni Federico 2.1. Introduction Industrialization in Italy is quite recent. The process started in the 19th century, al- though exact dating is still controversial, and reached full development in the 20th1. As late as 1911, the secondary sector (including manufacturing, mining, building and utilities) accounted for only 24 per cent of GDP [Vitali 1992: Table 7]. The figure increased to an all-time peak of 42.5 per cent in 1976 [ISTAT 1986: Table 8.16]. As in most advanced countries, the share of industry has declined in more recent times, as a consequence of the growth of the tertiary sector, and nowadays it accounts for 28 per cent of GDP [ISTAT 2002: prosp. 2.11]. In all advanced countries, the growth of industry has been accompanied by substantial structural changes. Heavy industries, such as chemicals and engineering, have grown, in terms of GDP and employment, more than the total, while the light ones, such as food, textiles or clothing, have declined in relative terms [Hoffmann 1955; Kuznets 1966]. The human and physical capital per worker has increased, the scale of production has grown and the number of hours of work has decreased [Maddison 1995; Huberman 2004]. Most of these changes reflect parallel changes in final demand, brought about by the different income elasticity of consumption - 1.5 for products of heavy industries and 1.1 for those of light industries, according to Chenery [1979]. The income elasticity of leisure is even higher, and thus the growth in income accounts also for the decrease in hours of work put in by full time workers. But, in the short run, this trend may be offset by the increase in the share of full-time workers on total manpower and, possibly, by an increase in the number of hours put in by seasonal workers. The rise in productivity and wages and the gro