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08-018
Intra-Industry Foreign
Direct Investment
Laura Alfaro
Andrew Charlton
Copyright © 2007 by Laura Alfaro and Andrew Charlton
Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and
discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working
papers are available from the author.
Intra-Industry Foreign Direct Investment
Laura Alfaro Andrew Charlton
Harvard Business School and NBER London School of Economics
September 2007
We use a new firm level data set that establishes the location, ownership, and activity of
650,000 multinational subsidiaries—close to a comprehensive picture of global multinational activity.
A number of patterns emerge from the data. Most foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs between rich
countries. The share of vertical FDI (subsidiaries which provide inputs to their parent firms) is larger
than commonly thought, even within developed countries. More than half of all vertical subsidiaries
are only observable at the four-digit level because the inputs they are supplying are so proximate to
their parent firms’ final good that they appear identical at the two-digit level. We call these proximate
subsidiaries ‘intra-industry’ vertical FDI and find that their location and activity are significantly
different to the inter-industry vertical FDI visible at the two-digit level. These subsidiaries are not
readily explained by the comparative advan
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