生产者服务，制造业联系以及贸易外文原文.pdfVIP

J Ind Compet Trade (2008) 8:199–229 DOI 10.1007/s10842-008-0043-0 Producer Services, Manufacturing Linkages, and Trade Joseph Francois Julia Woerz Received: 30 October 2007 /Revised: 18 January 2008 / Accepted: 20 August 2008 / Published online: 4 October 2008 # The Author(s) 2008. This article is published with open access at S Abstract Working with a mix of panel data on goods and services trade for the OECD for 1994–2004, combined with social accounts data (i.e. data on intermediate linkages) for 78 countries benchmarked to the panel midpoint, we examine the role of services as inputs in manufacturing, with a particular focus on indirect exports of services through merchandise exports, and also on the related interaction between service sector openness and the overall pattern of manufacturing exports. From the cross-section, we also develop a set of stylized facts linking services to the level of development and the density of intermediate linkages. We find significant and strong positive effects from increased business service openness (i.e. greater levels of imports) on industries like machinery, motor vehicles, chemicals and electric equipment, supporting the notion that off-shoring of business services may promote the competitiveness of the most skill and technology intensive industries in the OECD. Conversely, we find evidence of negative general equilibrium effects for sectors that are less service intensive. Keywords producer services . linkages . manufacturing exports . service imports . multiplier effects JEL F14 . L8 . O11 Thanks are due for support from the World Bank for this project. Thanks are also due to seminar participants at the European Economic Associate meetings and the European Trade Study Group meetings. All errors are of course our own. J. Francois (*) Department of Economics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Alt