应用化学专业英语lesson2.pptVIP

Unit 2 Organic Chemistry In science, organic can be a biological or chemical term. In biology it means any thing that is living or has lived. The opposite is non-organic. In chemistry, an organic compound is one containing carbon atoms. The opposite term is inorganic. Most inorganic molecules are small. Carbon can make molecules that have tens, hundreds, thousands even millions of atoms! A single carbon atom is capable of combining with up to four other atoms. We say it has a valency of 4. Hydrocarbons Formula Structure Name / Uses CH4 CH4 Methane - gas used for cooking. C3H8 CH3CH2CH3 Propane - heating fuel. C4H10 CH3CH2 CH2CH3 Butane - lighter / camping fuel. Compounds of carbon and hydrogen only are called hydrocarbons. Alkanes Table I A few common alkanes Alkenes Table II A few simple alkenes Formula Structure Name / Uses C2H4 CH2=CH2　 Ethene - used as an industrial starter chemical C3H6 CH3—CH=CH2 Propene C4H8 CH3—CH2—CH=CH2　 1-Butene The extra valencies left over occur as double bonds between a pair of carbon atoms. The double bonds are more reactive than single bonds making the alkenes chemically more reactive. Alkynes Table III Examples of alkynes Formula Structure Name / Uses C2H2 HC≡CH Ethyne - better known as acetylene which is used for welding underwater. C3H4 CH3C≡CH Propyne C4H6 CH3CH2C≡CH　 Butyne Alkynes have two carbon atoms joined by a tripple bond. This is highly reactive making these compounds unstable. Carbon rings Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes all contain carbon atoms in linear chains. There are also hydrocarbons arranged in rings. Table IⅤ Some examples of hydrocarbons with carbon rings Formula Structure Name / Uses C6H12 Cyclohexane - a saturated hydrocarbon with the atoms arranged in a hexagonal ring. C6H6 Benzene - an industrial solvent. Its alternate double and single bonds are spread around the ring so that the molecule is symmetrical. This structure is represented by a hexagon with a circle. C10H8 Naphthalene - used i