分子生物学(中英对照有备注)3.pptVIP

* The ara operon contains genes for metabolizing arabinose. The operon is unique in that its operator is far away from the promoter, about 200 bases upstream. When there is no arabinose in the cell, ara operon genes must not be expressed. In this case, a protein called AraC is used as repressor. One AraC protein binds at the operator, and another AraC protein binds near the promoter. The two proteins also bind to each other. Because the operator and promoter are far away from each other, this causes a large loop in the DNA around the regulatory region of the operon. This DNA loop prevents transcription of operon genes by RNA polymerase. ara操纵子含有代谢阿拉伯糖的基因。这一操纵子的独特之处在于它的操纵基因位于远离启动子的地方，在上游大约200碱基处。当细胞中没有阿拉伯糖时，ara操纵子基因应该不表达。在这种情况下，称为AraC的蛋白被用来作为阻遏蛋白。一个AraC蛋白结合在操纵基因上，另一个AraC蛋白结合到远在下游的启动子附近。这两个蛋白也互相结合在一起。由于操纵基因和启动子互相相距很远，因此这样的结合在操纵子DNA的调控区域形成了一个很大的环。这个DNA环防止了操纵子上的基因被RNA聚合酶转录。 * When there is arabinose, the arabinose can bind to the AraC proteins and change their binding preferences. Now, both araC proteins bind near the promoter. This allows transcription of ara operon genes. It should be noted that ara operon should also be under positive regulation by CAP protein. The genes must not be transcribed when glucose is available. 当细胞中有阿拉伯糖时，阿拉伯糖与AraC蛋白结合，使AraC蛋白的结合倾向发生了别构化改变。原先是有一个AraC蛋白与操纵基因结合，现在是两个AraC蛋白都结合到了启动子附近。这样的结合方式使ara操纵子基因的转录可以进行。应该注意到，ara操纵子也应该受到CAP蛋白的调控，其基因在有葡萄糖的时候是不应被转录出来的。 * The gal operon contains genes for metabolizing galactose. It also uses DNA looping as a means of repression. Interestingly, the gal operon has two operators; one, called the external operator, is located near the promoter as expected. The other operator is located within one of the genes of the operon, and is called the internal operator. The gal operon is repressed by a protein called the gal repressor. When galactose is not bound to the repressor, the protein can bind to both operators of the operon. This causes a loop to form which creates a physical block to transcription.