软件体系结构软件生产线 Product Line.pptVIP

? sun@ 软件体系结构软件生产线Product Line 孙志岗 sun@ The goal of reuse Effective reuse of software has long been a goal of the software engineering community.高效的重用一直是软件工程界的一个目标 “Buy, don’t build!” “Mine, don’t make!” The theoretical advantages are obvious: Should save time Should save money Should be more reliable Should encourage modular design The elusive goal of reuse The promises of reuse have largely not been met.重用的豪言壮语大部分没有兑现 If you didn’t build it... How do you find it? How do you know precisely what it does? How do you know that what it does is precisely what you need? How can you trust it? Who do you turn to when needs to be changed?当需要它改变时，你去找谁？ It’s usually easier to build it yourself. Objects to the rescue? The object-oriented world has brought us new ways to reuse software.面向对象带给我们支持重用的新方法 objects frameworks to some extent, architectures And yet, something is missing. Large-scale object-oriented reuse is also (for the most part) failing to appear.然而，仍然有问题。大规模的面向对象重用仍然罕见 Why is that? The problem of mismatch In 1972, Parnas wrote that the interface to a module is the set of assumptions a programmer who wants to use it can make about it.1972年，Parnas的论文中说，一个模块的接口应该是由使用者决定的 In 1997, Garlan et al. wrote about architectural mismatch which repeated the observation tried to build a system out of off-the-shelf parts failed because of subtle assumptions each part made about its environment在试图使用购买的模块搭建系统时失败了，因为每个模块都对它的运行环境有一些微妙的假想 What went wrong? Objects revisited Reusable objects can’t solve the “easier to build than find” problem不能解决“建造它比发现它更容易” Reusable frameworks Application-specific or domain-specific针对特殊应用或者特殊领域 Relatively few examples of cross-organizational reuse难以跨组织重用 Reusable architectures Many examples of cross-organizational reuse有很多跨组织重用的例子 Architecture as a reusable asset An architecture represents a significant investment. Why use it for only one system?一个体系结构是一个重要投资。怎能只把它用于一个系统？ Architecture can form the foundation for a product line that allow