分子生物学名词解释英文.docVIP

DNA Denaturation(变性) When duplex DNA molecules are subjected to conditions of pH ,temperature, or ionic strength that disrupt base-paring interactions, the DNA molecule has lost its’ native conformation, and double helix DNA is separated to single strand DNA as individual randome coils. That is, the DNA is denatured. Renaturation（复性）Removing the denaturation factors slowly or in proper conditions, the denatured DNA (ssDNA) restore native structure (dsDNA) and functions. This process is dependent on both DNA concentration and time. Hybridization （核酸分子杂交）when heterogeneous DNA or RNA are put together, they will become to heteroduplex via the base-pairing rules during renaturation if they are complementary in parts (not completely). This is called molecular hybridization. Hyperchromic effect （增色效应）The absorbance at 260 nm of a DNA solution increases when the double helix is separated into single strands because of the bases unstack. Ribozyme （核酶）are the RNA molecules with catalytic activity.? The activity of these ribozymes often involves the cleavage of a nucleic acid. De novo synthesis (从头合成)De novo synthesis of nucleotides begins with their metabolic precursors: amino acids, ribose-5-phosphate, one carbon units, CO2. mostly in liver. Salvage pathways （补救合成）Salvage pathways recycle the free bases and nucleosides released from nucleic acid breakdown. Mostly in brain and marrow. Semi-conservative replication (半保留复制）DNA is synthesized by separation of the strands of a parental duplex, each then acting as a template for synthesis of a complementary strand based on the base-paring rule. Each daughter molecule has one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand. Telomere（端粒）： Specialized structure at the end of a linear eukaryotic chromosome, which consists of proteins and DNA, tandem repeats of a short G-rich sequence on the 3 ending strand and its complementary sequence on the 5 ending strand, allows replication of the extreme 5 ends of the DNA without loss