Chapter 8 - Atoms and Periodic Properties.ppt

* Chapter 8 - Atoms and Periodic Properties Will turn to a study of the properties of matter why materials have certain properties chemistry - composition, structure and properties of substances and the transformations they undergo consider world - many objects with many properties trees bark, leaves, wood car wheels, dash, hood all substances made of combinations only about 113 known elements element - pure substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by a chemical or physical process well-defined properties Water - H2O Salt - NaCl Periodic Table - lists all known elements currently about 108 known elements 88 naturally occurring others made in lab Some substances known for long time how to describe? alchemists - “lead into gold” antimony Sb confusing STANDARDIZATION - modern symbols used world-wide now how did we get these symbols? + Hg Ag Au Na Fe Sn Pb H He C Cl B Be O Os P Pt S Se N Ni Where do the names come from? Pu Es Am U Fm Fr Hg Md Eu Np Bh Cf Cl - light green Tc - artificial Ne - new He - sun Te - Earth Elements named after planets, people, places and descriptions! Names passed by international council “Commission on the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry” Names agreed upon worldwide standardized Elements made up of large collection of atoms Atom - smallest unit with the same chemical identity as element (10-10 m, 10-24 g) chemical identity - physical and chemical properties of a pure substance structure of the atom: protons, neutrons, and electrons + - + + + + - - - - proton positive charge strong nuclear force electron - negative charge (same as proton) -swarm around nucleus (electron cloud) -can be attracted away or added w/o chemical change -very light 1/1837 mass of proton (negligible) neutron no charge same mass as proton does not affect