Chapter 8 Alkenes and alkynes I.Properties and synthesis.ppt

Chapter 8 Alkenes and alkynes I.Properties and synthesis 8.1 Introduction Alkenes are hydrocarbons whose molecules contain the carbon-carbon double bond. Hydrocarbons whose molecules contain the carbon-carbon triple bond are called alkynes. 8.2 Nomenclature of alkenes and cycloalkenes The IUPAC rules for naming alkenes are similar in many respects to those for naming alkanes Selecting the longest chain that contains the double bond Number the chain 3. Indicate the locations of the substituent groups 4. Number substituted cycloalkenes in the way that gives the carbon atoms of the double bond the 1- and 2- positions and that also gives the substituent groups the lower numbers at the first point of difference 5. Two frequently encountered alkenyl groups are the vinyl group and the allyl group. 6. Designate the geometry of a double bond of a disubstituted alkene with the prefixes cis- and trans- 8.2A The ( E )-( Z ) System for designation alkene diastereomers 8.3 Nomenclature of alkynes 8.3A IUPAC Nomenclature Unbranched alkynes, for example, are named by replacing the –ane of the name of the corresponding alkane with the ending –yne. The chain is numbered in order to give the carbon atoms of the triple bond the lower possible numbers. 8.4 Physical properties of alkenes and alkynes8.5 Hydrogenation of alkenes 8.6 Hydrogenation: The function of the catalyst Catalytic hydrogen and Syn--addition 8.6A Syn and anti additions 8.7A Syn addition of hydrogen: Synthesis of cis-alkenes 8.7B Anti addition of hydrogen: Synthesis of trans-alkenes 8.9 Relative stabilities of alkenes 8.9A Heats of hydrogenation The order of stabilities; 8.9B Relative stabilities from heats of combustion 8.9C Overall relative stabilities of alkenes 8.10 Cycloalkenes The rings of cycloalkenes containing five carbon atoms or fewer exist only in the cis form. Therefore, fewer exist in the trans form because of the ring strain. Cis- and trans-Cycloalkenes 8.11 Synthesis of alke