被动语态用法小结之理论篇.docVIP

被动语态用法小结之理论篇 1. 语态（主动语态与被动语态）和时态是永远不可分的两个基本语法现象。被动语态中人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。其各种时态的变化如下： 一般现在时的被动：am/is/are＋done 一般过去时的被动：was/were＋done 一般将来时的被动：will/shall be＋done 现在进行时的被动：am/is/are being＋done 过去进行时的被动：was/were being done 现在完成时的被动：have/has been＋done 如：Paper is made from wood. 纸是木头制成的。（一般现在时的被动） A letter was typed on the computer. 这封信是被电脑打出来的。(一般过去时的被动) A lecture will be held in the meeting room by professor John. 约翰教授将在会议室举行一个讲座。（一般将来时的被动） The road is being repaired by construction workers. 建筑工人正在修路。（现在进行时的被动） The room was being painted when I left. 在我离开时，房间正在粉刷。（过去进行时的被动） So far my thesis has been completed. 到目前为止我的论文已经写好。 2. 我们经常使用系动词get来代替be+过去分词表示被动。 Three people got (=were) injured in the accident. 事故中有三个人受伤。 3. 表示“据说”“据信”等，英语中经常以被动语态 “It is said/believed/reported that ...”来表示，相当于“people say/believe/report that”的意思。这类表达方式有一个特殊用法：当主语是it时，动词后接从句；当主语是人或物时，动词后接不定式。 People say he has gone abroad. = It is said that he has gone abroad. = He is said to have gone abroad. 据说他出国了。 It was reported that the shop was closed down due to poor management. = The shop was said to have been closed down due to poor management. 据报道该商店由于经营不善而关闭。 4. 不用于被动语态的情况。 (1）一些动词如surprise, puzzle, astonish, bore, shock, tire, delight，其过去分词形式在某些情况下属于形容词性，不表示被动，而表示某种情绪。例如： Alice read the letter with a puzzled expression on her face. 艾丽斯看了那封信，面带迷惑。 Are you interested in music? 你对音乐感兴趣吗? The puppies ran around the delighted children. 小狗们围着欢乐的孩子们跑来跑去。 (2）词组be supposed to do sth表示责任或义务，意为“应该”，与上面动词的被动用法不同。 We are supposed to be here by 8 o’clock. 我们该8点前来这儿。 (3)某些动词词组如：take place, break out, belong to, lead to, consist of等不使用被动语态，例如： Hard work often leads to success. 艰苦的工作常常导致成功。 Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. 水由氢和氧组成。 A fire broke out in the next room. 火在隔壁房间着了起来。 The cup doesn’t belong to you. 这个杯子不属于你。 5. 主动形式表被动意义 (1）write, read, sell, wash在某些含义下为不及物动词，并且与well, badly, easily等副词连用时，不用被动语态，例如： The clothes wash easily. 这些衣服很好清洗。 The book reads well. 那本书写得不错（浅显易懂）。 The tickets to the play sol