8.3英语文学学习.pptVIP

Pragmatics Austin – How to do things with words Grice – The Cooperative Principle Goffman – Face Brown and Levinson – Politeness Wierzbicka – Culture and Cognition J. L. Austin How to do things with words. Locutionary Acts Saying something about something Illucutionary acts Doing something by saying something Performatives. Perlocutionary Acts Performatives The uttering of the words is .. the performance of which is also the object of the utterance. Circumstances around the performative must be appropriate good faith v. bad faith Other things have to go right (happy) (felicities) Must be an accepted conventional procedure Particular persons must be appropriate for the invocation of the act Procedure must be executed correctly and completely Person must have those thoughts and feelings requisite of the act Must actually conduct themselves subsequently. Performatives 3. Sinning against rules will make the performance unhappy 4. Explicit (I bet, I promise, ...) v Implicit performatives (where the performative is only a possibility (might, perhaps, (you might be wrong) 5. Entails (all men blush) v. Implies v Presupposes (all Jacks children are bald presupposes that Jack has children. Examples of Austin’s Performatives Verdictives: Delivering a verdict, judgement official or unofficial, acquit, convict, find (as a matter of fact), hold, interpret as, understand, read it as, rule, calculate, reckon, estimate, locate, place, date, measure, put it at, make it, take it, grade, rank, rate, assess, value, describe, characterize, diagnose, analyze. 2. Exercitives: Giving a decision in favor or against a certain course of action from a position of power. appoint, degrade, demote, dismiss, excommunicate, name, order, command, direct, sentence, fine, grant, levy, vote for, nominate, choose, claim, give, bequeath, pardon, resign, warn, advise, plead, pray, entreat, beg, urge, press, recommend, proclaim, announce, quash, counterman, annul, repeal;, enact, reprieve, veto, d