Population and Urbanization.ppt

Population and Urbanization Demography -- study of human population Fertility incidence of childbearing in a society’s population. Fecundity -- maximum potential of childbearing ability of women. Crude birth rate -- number of live births per 1000 of population in a given year. Mortality Incidence of death in a society’s population Crude death rate -- deaths per 1000 of population in a given year. Infant Mortality Rate -- deaths per 1000 among infants under one year . Life expectancy-- average life span of a society’s population. Migration Movement of people into and out of a specified territory. Immigration -- movement into a territory. emigration -- movement out of a territory. Population Growth Rate -- subtract crude death rate from crude birth rate. Low in rich countries and high in poor countries. Population Composition a) Sex Ratio -- number of males per 100 females in a given population. b) Age-sex pyramid - graphic representation of the age and sex distribution of a population. POPULATION THEORIESMalthusian Perspective Population, if left unchecked, will tend to exceed the food supply. Checks on population can be positive (famines, wars) or preventive (birth control). For the poor, any improvement in income is lost to additional births. The wealthy and better educated already exercise preventive checks. Projected Population of the U.S.: 2 or 3 Child Average per Family Demographic Transition Theory: Four Stages Stage 1. Birth rate and the death rate are high. Population growth is modest. Demographic Transition Theory: Four Stages Stage 2. Birth rate remains high. Death rate begins to drop sharply because of sanitation, increased food production, medical advances. Rate of population growth is very high. Most sub-Saharan African countries are presently at this stage. Demographic Transition Theory: Four Stages Stage 3. The birth rate declines sharply. Because the death rate continues to drop, population growth is still rapid. Demographic Transition Theor