外文翻译--等待队列与模式.doc

附件 外文翻译 英文 Waiting lines and simulation The “miss manners” article pokes fun at one of life’s realities; having to wait in line.no boubt those waiting in line would all agree that the solution to the problem is obvious;simply add more servers or else do something to speed up service.although both edeas may be potential solutions,there are certain subleties that must be dealt with. For one thing, most service systems have the capacity to process more customers over the long run than they are called on to process. Hence,the problem of customers waiting is a short-term phenomenon. The other side of the the coin is that at certain times the servers are idle, waiting for customers. Thus by increasing the service capacity, the server idle time would increase even more. Consequently,in designing service systems,the designer must weiht the cost of providing a given level of service capacity against the potential(implicit) cost of having customers wait for service. This planning and analysis of service capacity frequently lends itself to queuing theory,which is a mathematical approach to the analysis of waiting lines. The foundation of modern queuing theory is based on studies about automatic dialing equipment made in early part of the twentieth century by Danish telephone engineer A.K.Erlang. Prior to World War II,very few attempts were made to apply queuing theory to business problems. Since that time, queuing theory has been applied to a wide range of problems. The mathematics of queuing can be complex;for that reason,the emphasis here will not be on the mathematics but the concepts that underlie the use of queuing in analyzing waiting-line problems. We shall rely on the use of formulas and tables for analysis. Waiting lines are commonly found wherever customers arrive randomly for services. Some examples of waiting lines we encounter in our daily lives include the lines at supermarkdt checkouts,fast-food restaurants,aipport ticket counters,theaters, post offices,and toll