《introduction amp; UV》.ppt

Some common ultraviolet spectroscopy solvents Table 2-1 Solvent Cutoffs (minimum regions of transparency) In the chemical literature β – Carotene Lycopene 番茄红素 What to look for in an ultraviolet spectrum: A practical guide Possibilities: amines, alcohols, ethers, and thiols Exception: n??* of cyano groups (-C≡ N) (? 100) A single band of low intensity (? =10 to 100) in the region 250-360 nm, with no major absorption at shorter wavelengths (200-250 nm) n??* A simple, or unconjugated, chromophore (contains an O, N,or S): C=O, C=N, N=N, -NO2,-COOR, -COOH, or –CONH2. A single band of low to medium intensity (? =100 to 10,000) at wavelengths less than 220 nm n??* A good deal of fine structure in the longer wavelength band (in non-polar solvents only). Substituent on the aromatic rings increases the molar absorptivity above 10,000. In polynuclear aromatic substances, a third band appears near 200 nm. Two bands of medium intensity (? =1,000 to 10,000), both with ? max above 200 nm an aromatic system Bands of high intensity (? =10,000 to 20,000), above 210 nm an ?, ? -unsaturated ketone or a diene or polyene The greater the length of the conjugated system, the longer the observed wavelength. n??* at longer wavelength (300nm, low intensity) ? ??* at shorter wavelength (250nm, high intensity) With conjugation (enones), the ?max of the ? ??* band moves to longer wavelengths , ? rises above 10,000, may obscure or bury the weaker n??* transition. Compounds which are highly colored are likely to contain a long-chain conjugated system (4~5) or a polycyclic aromatic chromophore. with NO2, N=N, N=O, ?-diketo, polybromo, polyiodo and quinoid structures compounds Simple ketones, acids, esters, amides, and other compounds containing both ? system and unshared electron pairs, will show two absorptions UV-VIS Spectrometer D2 lamp Tungsten lamp Quartz Tungsten Halogen (QTH) lamp prism or grating glass or quartz Photoelectric device 0.575 Light source Mono chrom