Optimality Theory(Prince amp; Smolensky 1993)课程.PPT

Outline Phonetics and Phonology OT Characteristics Output-Oriented Conflicting Soft Well-formedness Constraints OT Grammar Families of Constraints OT-Tableau Example: Cluster Reduction in First Language Acquisition Data The Merits of OT Concept Derivationally- based Phonology (Chomsky Halle 1968) Structural Description (SD): identifies class of inputs (= stored lexical forms) Structural Change (SC): specifies operations that change the input Chomsky (1976): writing a rule does not constitute a solution to a problem; writing a rule is merely a statement of a problem Optimality Theory (Prince Smolensky 1993) Optimality Theory is a theory of language and grammar in which well-formedness constraints on outputs determine grammaticality Why output-oriented?Not all phonology is derivationally-based Why output-oriented?Not all phonology is derivationally-based Potentially Conflicting, Soft Constraints Optimality Theory is a theory of language and grammar in which well-formedness constraints on outputs determine grammaticality Potentially Conflicting, Soft Constraints Optimality Theory is a theory of language and grammar in which well-formedness constraints on outputs determine grammaticality These constraints apply simultaneously to representations of structures. They are potentially conflicting and they are soft, which means violable Potentially Conflicting, Soft Constraints These constraints apply simultaneously to representations of structures. They are potentially conflicting and they are soft, which means violable Example Foot (?) Syllable (?) Syllable (?) p? pa Conflicting Constraints Nonfinality: stress never falls on the last ? Peak Prominence: stress falls on the heaviest ? Conflicting Constraints Nonfinality: stress never falls on the last ? Peak Prominence: stress falls on the heaviest ? OT-grammar GEN generates a set of candidate outputs e.g. stress assignment papapa candidates: pápapa