共振理论.pptVIP

Carbanions（碳负离子） —— Like a carbocation or a radical, a carbanion has three sigma-bond, but it also bears unshared electron pair. —— a simple carbanion is pyramidal. ( sp3-hybridized ) Carbanions —— When the carbanionic carbon is adjacent to a pi-system, sp2-hybridization is preferred so that the negative charge can be distributed by resonance throughout the p orital array. Some basic concepts A compound with delocalized electrons is said to have resonance（共振） The approximate structure using localized electrons is called a resonance contributor, a resonance structure, or a contributing resonance structure（共振结构或共振极限式） The actual structure, drawn using delocalized eletrons, is called a resonance hybrid（共振杂化体） The electrons can be moved in one of the following ways 1. Move πelectrons toward a positive charge 3. Move a nonbonding pair of electrons toward a πbond 4. Move a single nonbonding electron toward a πbond 共振杂化体比它的任何一个共振式都要稳定 共价键数目越多的共振式越稳定 共振式中的电荷越分散就越稳定 越稳定的共振式对共振杂化体的贡献越大 相对稳定的共振式的数目越多，共振杂化体越稳定 共振式越接近等价，共振杂化体越稳定 * * Active Intermediates Structures and Stability（结构与稳定性） Active Intermediates Structures and Stability（结构与稳定性） Explanation 2 --- 共振理论 The electrons can be moved in one of the following ways 2. Move πelectrons toward a π bond The electrons can be moved in one of the following ways The electrons can be moved in one of the following ways Explanation 2 —— 共振理论 1, 3-butadiene Explanation 2 —— 共振理论 Explanation 2 —— 共振理论 *