最新ChapterDataStorage.ppt

Chapter 2 复习：数据库物理组织 ? 数据库中存储的数据 ? 数据描述 ? 数据本身 -- 数据组织 ? 数据之间的联系 ? 存取路径 -- B树及其变种，Hash文件 关系数据库 ? 数据字典、数据、联系 -- 表 --其中DD单独存放 ? 存取路径 -- B树及其变种，Hash文件 ? 海量数据存储在磁盘或光盘上，所以许多算法与主存算法是不同的 Cpt 2. How does a computer system store and manage very large volumes of data ? Cpt 3. Representing Data Elements ? Outline 存储介质 几类存储器 -- 高速缓冲存储器（cache） -- 主存储器(main memory) -- 快擦写存储器(flash memory) -- 磁盘存储器(magnetic-disk storage) --光盘存储器(optical storage) -- 磁带存储器(tape storage) Cache(高速缓存) Capacity Up to 1 megabyte (2000年底，现在＝?) Speed between cache and processor: 10 nanosecond (毫微秒/纳秒,10-8 s) Speed between cache and memory: 100 nanoseconds Main Memory Capacity up to 100M-10 gigabytes(10G,现在＝？) Random Access Access time in 10-100 nanosecond Capacity 210 = 1024 B = 1 KB (kilo bytes) 103 220 =1048 KB = 1 MB (mega bytes) 106 230 = 1074MB = 1GB (giga bytes) 109 240 = 1000GB = 1TB (tera bytes) 1012 250 = 1000TB = 1PB (peta bytes) 1015 Virtual Memory Most machines use 32-bit address space which is up to 4 gigabytes（ 4× 230 ）. Main memory is usually 256 Megabytes. Virtual memory is supported by the machine hardware and the operating system through paging mechanism. Main-memory database system can be implemented by virtual memory. Secondary Storage Significantly more capacious than main memory Significantly cheaper than main memory Significantly slower than main memory Tertiary Storage(第三级存储器) Data volumes measured in terabytes Slow and cheaper Access times varying widely Volatile and Nonvolatile Storage Volatile device “forgets” its contents when the power goes off, such as main memory. Nonvolatile device keeps its contents intact in the presence of power failures, such as magnetic disk, tapes, flash memory. Moore Law Many parameters will be double per 18months CPU speed Capacity of main-memory Capacity of Disk etc. Disk Controller的功能 Controlling disk head