竞争市场上的企业剖析.ppt

* * Students often wonder why firms bother to stay in business if they make zero profit. The textbook gives a nice discussion of this, briefly summarized on this slide. * * This slide replicates Figure 8 from the textbook. In edit mode, the text boxes in the top part of the slide appear to be on top of each other. But in slide-show mode, the text boxes display one at a time. If students did not previously understand why the LR market supply curve is horizontal, this slide may help. * * Here are two of the assumptions we made previously, when we began the process of deriving the LR market supply curve. * * The marginal firm is the firm that would exit the market if the price were any lower. * * Another example: There’s a limited amount of beachfront property. An expansion of the beach resort industry will bid up the price of such property, and raises costs in the industry. * * Recall from Chapter 7: a competitive market equilibrium is efficient. This chapter has shown why: P = MR under perfect competition, so P = MC in the competitive market equilibrium. Reviewing these concepts now sets the stage for the next few chapters, where firms with market power set their price above marginal cost, leading to market inefficiencies and a potential role for government intervention. * 零利润条件 长期均衡： 在进入和退出过程结束时，仍然留在市场中的企业的经济利润必定为零 当 P = ATC时，经济利润为零 由于企业在 P = MR = MC 处生产，零利润条件是P = MC = ATC 复习： MC 曲线在 ATC 曲线的最低点与ATC 曲线相交 因此，在长期，P = 最小的 ATC. 0 * 长期市场供给曲线 MC 市场 Q P (market) 单个企业 Q P (firm) 在长期中，代表性企业获得零利润 LRATC 长期供给 P = min. ATC 长期市场供给曲线是水平直线，即P = minATC 0 * 如果企业利润为零，为什么它们要留在市场？ 记住，经济利润是收益减去所有的成本–包括隐性成本，比如所有者用于经营的时间的机会成本和金钱的成本 在零（经济）利润均衡时： 企业的收益必须能够补偿企业所有者的上述机会成本 经济利润为零，但会计利润为正 会计师与经济学家衡量成本的方法是不同的 0 * S1 利润 D1 P1 长期供给 D2 需求增加的影响：短期与长期 MC ATC P1 市场 Q P (市场) 单个企业 Q P (企业) P2 P2 Q1 Q2 S2 Q3 市场开始时处于长期均衡… …然而需求增加使价格上升… …使企业获得短期利润 当利润引起企业进入时，供给增加，价格下降… …使利润趋于零，回到长期均衡 A B C 0 * 为什么长期供给曲线向右上方倾斜？ 长期市场供给曲线是水平的，如果： 1) 所有企业都有完全相同的成本 2) 一些企业进入或退出市场并不改变其他企业的成本 当物品需求增加时