流行病学(第一章绪论).pptVIP

第四节 流行病学研究方法 观察法 observation method 实验法 experiment method 理论与方 法研究 描述流行病学 Descriptive epi. 分析流行病学 Analytical epi. 现况研究 (Prevalence) 生态学研究 (ecological) 病例对照研究(case control) 队列研究 (cohort study) 临床试验(clinical trial ) 理论流行病学 theoretical epi. 流行病学方法 Methodology study 纵向研究 (Longitudinal) 现场试验(field trial ) 社区试验(community trial ) 类试验(quasi-experiment ) 研 究 方 法 普查(census) 抽样调查 筛检(census) 第五节 流行病学的特征 一、群体的特征：一切流行病学的起点 二、对比的特征：研究方法的核心 三、概率论与数理统计学的特征： 流行病学＝分母的科学 四、社会医学的特征：社会环境 五、预防为主的特征：根本目的和宗旨 六、发展的特征：一切学科的特征 第六节 流行病学与其他学科的关系及其展望 预防医学 基础医学 临床医学 分子流行 病学 临床流行 病学 流行 病学 一、流行病学与其他学科的关系 二、 流行病学面临的挑战与展望 1、宏观与微观并举 2、传染病与非传染病并重 3、人群健康研究提上日程 4、发展应急流行病学 5、重视流行病学研究中的伦理问题 6、强化流行病学在循证浪潮中的作用 * * The essentials of epidemiology noted by Hippocrates included observations on how diseases affected populations and how disease spread. He further addressed issues of diseases in relation to time and seasons, place, environmental conditions, and disease control, especially as it related to water and seasons. The broader contribution to epidemiology made by Hippocrates was that of epidemiological observation. His teachings about how to observe any and all contributing or causal factors to a disease are still sound epidemiological concepts. 《论气、水和地区》 《论瘟疫》，共7册，其中第一和第三册无疑是希伯克拉底的手笔 * John Snow was a founding member of the London Epidemiological Society, one of the first professional organizations? devoted to the field of epidemiology.? The seal of the organization (see figure) includes the Latin phrase penned by the Roman poet Persius (34-64 AD), venienti occurrite morbo, translated into English as confront disease at its onset. How did this important movement get started?? What were their contributions during Snows life, and in the years that followed?? ORIGIN OF SOCIETY In February 1848, three and a half years after John Snow received his MD degree, an intriguing letter to the editor appeared in The Lancet.? England at the time was very concerned with the possi