Chapter政府干预解说.ppt

政府干预Government Intervention 市场失灵Market Failure 　　　市场机制在提供最优产出组合上可能会失败。The market mechanism may fail to provide the optimal mix of output. 最优产出组合指：在现有的资源、技术条件下，所能到达的最大产量组合。The optimal mix of output is the most desirable combination of output attainable with existing resources, technology and social values. 市场失灵Market Failure 市场失灵的本质The Nature of Market Failure 　　　市场失灵是在市场机制情况下预先安排最佳产出的非理性表现。Market failure is an imperfection in the market mechanism that prevents optimal outcomes. 市场机制是通过市场价格和销售等信号反映市场对产出（或资源配置）的渴求。Market mechanism — use of market prices and sales to signal desired outputs (or resource allocations). 市场失灵的本质The Nature of Market Failure 　　　（市场失灵意味着）供给和需求的力量没有把我们引至生产可能性曲线上最好的那一点。（The forces of supply and demand have not led to the best point on the production possibilities curve.） 市场失灵的本质The Nature of Market Failure 　　　市场失灵为政府干预提供了依据。Market failure establishes the basis for government intervention. 市场失灵的来源Sources of Market Failure 　　　微观经济的市场失灵有４个特定的来源。There are four specific sources of microeconomic market failure: 公共产品　Public goods 外部性　Externalities 市场权力　Market power 公平　Equity considerations 公共产品Public Goods 　　　只有当购买商品和服务的个人独自获得商品或服务带来的利益时，市场机制才会有效地运行。The market mechanism works efficiently only if the benefits of consuming the good or service are available only to individuals who purchase it. 共同消费Joint Consumption 　　　公共产品是指一个人对公共物品的消费不能排除其他人对同一物品的消费。A public good is a good or service whose consumption by one person does not exclude consumption by others. 例如，包括国防、抗洪设施、无线电和电视信号。Examples include national defense, flood control dams, radio and television signals. 共同消费Joint Consumption 　　　私人物品是指一个人对某物品的消费后就能排除其他人对同一物品的消费。 A private good is a good or service whose consumption by one person excludes consumption by others. 搭便车者的困惑The Free-Rider Dilemma 　　　搭便车者是指从其他人购买（消费）公共产品中直接获得好处。A free rider reaps direct benefits from someone else’s purchases (consumption) of a public good. 搭便车者的困惑The Free-Rider Dilemma 　　　如果公共产品像私人物品一样在市场上交易，那么每个人都会等待其他人去购买。If public