英语四级作文《器官捐献》要点.doc

See also:?Mandated choice?and?Nudge (book) There are two main methods for determining voluntary consent: opt in (only those who have given explicit consent are donors) and opt out (anyone who has not refused is a donor). Opt-out legislative systems dramatically increase effective rates of consent for donation.[1]?For example, Germany, which uses an opt-in system, has an organ donation consent rate of 12% among its population, while Austria, a country with a very similar culture and economic development, but which uses an opt-out system, has a consent rate of 99.98%.[1][2] However, because of public policies, cultural, infrastructural and other factors, this does not always translate directly into increased effective rates of donation. In terms of effective organ donations, in some systems like Australia (14.9 donors per million, 337 donors in 2011), family members are required to give consent or refusal, or may veto a potential recovery even if the donor has consented.[citation needed]?Some countries with an opt-out system like Spain (34 effective donors per million inhabitants) or Austria (21 donors/million) have high donor rates and some countries with opt-in systems like Germany (16 donors/million) or Greece (six donors/million) have effective donation lower rates.[citation needed]?However Sweden, which has an opt-out system, has a low rate as well (15 donors/million). Health authorities in Sweden have suggested that the government pay 30,000 - 40,000?Kronor?for funeral costs if a person donates their organs.[3]?The president of the Spanish?National Transplant Organisation?has acknowledged Spains legislative approach is likely not the primary reason for the countrys success in increasing the donor rates, starting in the 1990s.[4] United States Over 100,000 Americans are on the waiting list in need of an organ. This crisis within the United States is growing rapidly because on average there are only 30,000 transplants performed each year. More than 6,000 people di