Lecture 5 air flow and diffusion.pptVIP

Govern equation for air flow Simplified Govern equation for air flow Ignore gravity, temperature effects Ignore fluctuation of air-filled porosity, na Isotropic condition Diffusion Concentration Mixture, such as solution etc. Soluvent solute Mol/l or g/g Chemical transportion Advection —— carried with flowing fluid Diffusion —— driven by chemical potential gradient Important for soil with low hydraulic conductivity, such as heavily consolidated clay * Fick’s first law Dm isotropicand essentially uniform temperature dependent soluvent and solute dependent * Fick’s Second Law Derived from Fick’s First Law and the Continuity Equation - called “Diffusion Equation” Diffusion in soil Complexity Porosity, reduced cross area Tortuous flow path Electrical field caused by charged particle (double layer charges etc.) Ion exchange between solute and minerals * Vapor diffusion coefficient Water vapor flow Water Vapor pressure and density Steady state of vapor flow Vapor flow example Equivalent hydraulic Conductivity for vapor flow Steady air diffusion in water Steady air diffusion in water Conductivity of dissolved air Conductivity of dissolved air Advection Dispersion Equation -Derivation (F is transport) Assumptions: 1) Porous medium is homogenous 2) Porous medium is isotropic 3) Porous medium is saturated 4) Flow is steady-state 5) Darcy’s Law applies Advection Dispersion Equation In the x-direction: Transport by advection = Transport by dispersion = Where: = average linear velocity n = porosity (constant for unit of volume) C = concentration of solute dA = elemental cross-sectional area Dispersion Driven by chemical potential gradient Related to the fluid flow velocity * Flux = (mass/area/time) (-) sign before dispersion term indicates that the contaminant moves toward lower concentrations Total amount of solute entering the cubic element F= Fxdydz + Fydxdz + Fzdxdy Difference in amount entering and leaving element = For nonreac