20世纪20年代灾荒论文：二十世纪二十年代河南灾荒述论.docVIP

20世纪20年代灾荒论文：二十世纪二十年代河南灾荒述论 【中文摘要】20世纪20年代河南发生了频繁的灾荒。灾荒以水灾、旱灾为主,并多发匪患、兵荒、雹灾、蝗灾等等灾荒。这一时段的灾荒具有多灾频发、地域性、交替性等特点。造成灾荒多发的原因既有自然因素,也有社会因素。自然因素受气候、水文、土壤、地貌等自然条件的影响。社会因素包括军阀混战、土匪祸乱、国民政府救济不力、灾民抗灾能力弱小等等。灾荒发生后,国民政府和民间慈善团体都采取了种种救济措施。政府方面主要采取移民就食、移民垦荒、平粜、工赈等措施,一定程度上缓解了灾情,但受时代和阶级的局限性,赈灾没有得到理想的效果。在民间的慈善救济中,以洋教士为主组成的中国赈灾基金委员会和华洋义赈会都积极参加到河南的赈灾事务中去。尤其是华洋义赈会运用先进的救灾理念,给后世以启迪。乡村人口方面,灾荒造成人口减少、大批灾民前往东北移民垦荒、灾民兴起流民风潮;社会经济方面,灾荒带来了物价暴涨、粮贵物贱等现象,引发了灾民的贫困,并由于流民风潮导致地权关系的变化;民众精神生活方面,饥荒带来灾民道德的沦丧,杀儿食肉、抛弃父母等人间悲剧频繁发生,灾民为了寻找精神寄托,把脱离苦海的希望寄托在神灵身上,希望通过各种敬神活动免除灾祸,反而因此耽误了救灾的最好时机。为此得出20世纪20年代的灾荒对现代社会的启示是,一定要加大对生态环境的保护力度,强化生态保护意识;同时要提高全社会的防灾救灾意识,万众一心,减少灾荒带来的危害。 【英文摘要】In 1920s, disasters such as flood and drought occurred frequently in Henan. They were characteristic of provincialism ,frequency and alternation.The reasons why disasters occurred frequently were multiple, which consist of both natural factors and social factors. Natural factors included the exacerbation of climate, hydrology, soil, physiognomy and other natural conditions.Social factors included warlords, bandit, the inability of national government and victims to resist disasters.After the occurrence of disasters,the national government and the folk charity adopted various remedies. The policies which the government mainly adopted were immigration,pingtiao,working relief,etc.They remitted the situation of disasters to some extent,but because of the boundedness of the times and class,they didn抰 get ideal effect.In the charity work of the folk, The Chinese disaster relief fund committee and the China International Famine Relief Commission which mainly consisted of padres both identified themselves with relief affairs actively.In respect of rural population,disasters brought about the reduce of population and the appearance of refugee,and at the same time,many victims left for the northeast to clear land.In respect of social economy,disasters brought about the inflation of prices and the poverty of victims.The appearance of refugee led to transfor