51营养2幻灯片.pptVIP

2、光能异养型（光能无机异养型）： 　　利用光为能源，利用有机物为供氢体一般以CO２和简单的有机物为碳源。光能异养细菌生长时，常需外源的生长因子。如红螺菌科的细菌以光为能源，CO2为碳源，并需异丙醇为供氢体，同时积累丙醇。 3、化能自养型（化能无机自养型）： 以CO2(或碳酸盐)为碳源,以无机物氧化产生的化学能为能源.它们可在完全无机的条件下生存.这类菌以氢气、硫化氢、Fe2+或亚硝酸盐为电子供体，使CO2还原。 主要类群：硫细菌、硝化细菌、氢细菌、 铁细菌。 4、化能异养型（化能有机异养型）： 以有机化合物为碳源，以有机物氧化产生的化学能为能源。有机物即是碳源，又是能源。根据利用有机物的特性分： ＊腐生菌；利用无生命的有机物为生长碳源。  ＊寄生菌：从寄主体内获得生长所需的营养物质。  ＊兼性菌：既可腐生又可营寄生生活的微生物。主要类群；原生生物、真菌、大多数非光合作用的细菌。 ★广义上说，凡是支持微生物生长繁殖的介质或材料均可作为微生物的培养基。 ★培养基是微生物学尤其是工业微生物学研究的重要内容。 Culture Media for the Growth of BacteriaFor any bacterium to be propagated for any purpose it is necessary to provide the appropriate biochemical and biophysical environment. The biochemical (nutritional) environment is made available as a culture medium, and depending upon the special needs of particular bacteria (as well as particular investigators) a large variety and types of culture media have been developed with different purposes and uses. Culture media are employed in the isolation and maintenance of pure cultures of bacteria and are also used for identification of bacteria according to their biochemical and physiological properties. The manner in which bacteria are cultivated, and the purpose of culture media, vary widely. Liquid media are used for growth of pure batch cultures while solidified media are used widely for the isolation of pure cultures, for estimating viable bacterial populations, and a variety of other purposes. The usual gelling agent for solid or semisolid medium is agar, a hydrocolloid derived from red algae. Agar is used because of its unique physical properties (it melts at 100 degrees and remains liquid until cooled to 40 degrees, the temperature at which it gels) and because it cannot be metabolized by most bacteria. Hence as a medium component it is relatively inert; it simply holds (gels) nutrients that are in aquaeous solution. 不同类群的微生物——细菌、放线菌、酵母菌、霉菌 不同营养类型微生物——自养菌、异养菌 特殊类型的微生物——如固氮菌 不同营养类型的微生物对营养的需求差异很大，应根据所培养的菌种对营养要素的不同需求进行配制。 四大类微生物常用培养基 2.注意各种营养物质的浓度与配比