北大神经生物学课件2_1神经元和神经胶质细胞-神经元.pptVIP

Neurons: Excitable cells – “wiring” “Signal Senders” Neuroglia: Support, Nurturing, Insulation Cell body (soma; perikaryon) Axon : only one (branches are collaterals; terminals are end feet) Dendrites : much shorter; one or more than one; branch extensively into dendritic trees Cell Body (Soma): Life Support Protein Synthesis Single Nucleus, RER (Nissl Bodies) Axon: Longest process transmits messages away from cell body Dendrites: Multiple processes off cell body – receive messages ???Neurons are similar to other cells in the body in some ways such as: 1. Neurons are surrounded by a membrane. 2. Neurons have a nucleus that contains genes. 3. Neurons contain : Dendrites : dendrite tree Axon : axon hillock (axon origination) axonal transport system initial segment (first myelin sheath) action potential generation myelin sheath Sensory neuron from receptor to CNS; receive stimuli and transmit afferent impulses to CNS Interneurons communicating between neurons; form circuits in the CNS Motor neuron from CNS to effector cells; deliver efferent impulses out through the PNS to the effectors to carry out the actions directed by the CNS EXCITABLE Membrane: Able to regulate the movement of ions (charges) across and along membrane SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION DO NOT Replicate: Damaged cells cannot be replaced! Impulse transmission : electrical chemical Morphology : axodendritic axonsomatic axoaxonic dendrodendritic Chemical synapse : presynaptic knob (presynaptic component) synaptic vesicles synaptic cleft postsynaptic membrane (postsynaptic component) Electrical synapse : gap junctions Small Molecule Neurotransmitter Substances Acetylcholine (ACh); Dopamine (DA); Norepinephrine (NE); Serotonin (5-HT); Histamine Amino Acids Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA); Glycine; Glutamate; Aspartate Neuroactive Peptides - partial list!! Bradykinin; beta-endorphin; calcitonin; cholecystokinin; enkephalin; dynorphin; insulin; gastrin; substance P; glucagon; sec