COGNITIVE STRATEGIES IN WEB SEARCHING网络搜索中的认知策略.ppt

COGNITIVE STRATEGIES IN WEB SEARCHING Original paper by: Raquel Navarro-Prieto, Mike Scaife, Yvonne Rogers School of Cognitive and Computer Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK. June 1999 Summary The problem : users get lost in the web The questions : why? How to avoid? The goal : empirical web searching model The strategy : the interactivity framework The implementation : tasks interviews The results : representations and skills Lost in the web People get lost in the web : Don’t know how to search... Don’t even know what to search... A good design can help! But... Different people + same interface = different strategies Dependencies (interactions) among users tasks representations All that’s worth is... Three main factors : Users’ experience and strategies Browsing strategy Empirical strategy What else ? Type of searching task : Fact-finding (look for Dijkstra algorithm) Exploratory (all about a 1997 Nobel Prize) How the information is presented : (only) textual (also) graphical (even) multimedia The interactivity framework External Cognition : interplay between internal and external representations Computational offloading : measures how much an info is easy to understand re-representation graphical constraining Temporal and spatial constraining How do all of these interplay and guide the users choices ? The study 23 students with different skills : 10 Computer scientists 13 Psychologists Half an hour to perform four tasks using whichever site or engine Video-records Interviews Questionnaire The tasks Human performances CS were smarter (of course ;-) ) Almost all were satisfied Almost no one remembered useless queries or strategies Almost all remembered only or better the last search Some difficulties with more than 3 windows Results Searching model (experienced) Conclusions External representation matters! clarifying what’s useful and what is not Graphical constrains matter! misleading graphs = waste of time Spatial/Temporal constrains matter! Too