comanche warning,caution,advisorysystem–adisplayby（科曼奇警告，警告，–adisplayby咨询制度）.docVIP

FLIGHT SYMBOLOGY TO AID IN APPROACH AND LANDING IN DEGRADED VISUAL ENVIRONMENTS Margaret A. MacIsaac Human Factors Engineer Crew Systems Integration Sikorsky Aircraft Stratford, CT mailto:mmacisaac@ Lorren Stiles Chief Pilot Research Development Sikorsky Aircraft West Palm Beach, FL mailto:lstiles@John H. Judge Technical Fellow, Advanced Design  Sikorsky Aircraft, Stratford CT jjudge@ This paper summarizes the results of independent research and development addressing deficiencies in current flight symbology presentations, which contribute to landing incidents in degraded visual environments. Of particular emphasis was the symbology to aid a pilot in establishing a stabilized approach to touchdown where the visual environment degrades suddenly due to rotor downwash surface effects such as dust, sand, and snow. The program investigated the current display formats and information content, as well as historical data on “brownout” landing incidents, to determine where deficiencies lie. It was clear that improvements in the method to cue the pilot to the aircraft state, as well as directing the pilot to develop and maintain a stabilized approach profile were needed. Specific solutions for each deficiency, such as lack of resolution in display of lateral groundspeed, were developed. Each solution was evaluated to determine if it resolved the targeted shortcoming. The solutions were then combined into an integrated display format. Sensitivities to changes in wind direction, gusts, etc were also investigated. A variety of display palettes were considered: from basic primary flight/hover display (PFD) to advance head up, head tracked, helmet mounted (contact analog) technologies, the intent being to enable implementation of improved information displays into a wide range of aircraft cockpits, from off the shelf to next generation. Fixed based simulation evaluations, with realistic brownout environmental simulations, were used to