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GIS AND GPS Using GPS data in GIS (Adapted from Peter Dana, University of Texas and John Schaeffer, Hi-Desert Technologies, Oregon) Vicki Drake Earth Science Department Santa Monica College GIS and GPS What is GPS? Global Positioning System A GPS is a set of hardware and software designed to determine accurate positions or locations on the Earth, using signals received from selected orbiting satellites Once the data (location and attribute) are received into a GPS unit, they can be transferred easily into mapping and GIS. GPS can produce effective data dictionaries that efficiently collect and store attribute data. GPS is also used to collect control points for registering base maps. GIS and GPS GPS is funded by and controlled by U.S. Department of Defense Four GPS satellite signals are used to compute positions in three dimensions and the time offset in the receiver clock Known distances and locations of each visible satellite are used to locate position of a receiver. Known distance from one satellite places a receiver anywhere on a sphere Known distances from two satellites places a receiver on a circle that is the intersection of two spheres. Known distance from three satellites places the receiver in two points, which is the intersection of three spheres Known distance from four satellites provides a single, absolutely technically, trigonometrically unambiguous location. GIS and GPS The exact location of any one satellite at any given time is not completely correct since factors of gravity, solar, lunar, star and even Earth interference can affect satellite position Each satellite broadcasts its position in an “ephermis” (orbital data) in a time signal. Each satellite carries four atomic clocks, but small influences can affect even these most accurate timepieces. Atmospheric interference contributes to distance errors. Signal bounce or multi-path error occurs when signal bounces off trees, buildings or objects in atmosphere Government fuzzing (