《新》宏观语用学-言语行为理论.pptVIP

(一) “以言指事” (locution)---说话本身及由此而产生的语义学意义； (二) “以言行事”(illocution)---用话来做事或传递交际意图； (三) “以言成事”(perlocution)---说话后改变世界和产生效果。 Requests are often performed indirectly.Their indirectness has certain characteristics that tend to group requests into the following types: Group3:Sentences concerning the hearers doing something. a. Would you kindly pick that up for me ? b. Wouldnt you turn the TV down a little? Group5:Sentences concerning reasons for doing something. a. You should write to them every now and then. b. Must you make that noise when you are reading ? c.Youd better book the tickets two weeks in advance. a. Priest :I now pronounce you husband and wife. b. Referee :You are out! c. Jury Foreman ：We find the defendant guilty. In using a declaration ,the speaker changes the word via words. a) Jane: Coco’s sick. Steve: I’ll take her to the vet. b) Mike: What’s the weather like in London? Annie: It’s raining. c) Carmen: You’ve thrown away the paper. Dave: I’m sorry. d) Ed: The garage is a mess. Faye: Clean it up! In each of the following dialogues, decide whether the second speaker’s utterance is a representative, a commissive, a directive, an expressive or a declaration representative expressive directive commissive Indirect speech acts (间接言语行为) direct speech act: the conventionally expected function. indirect speech act: the extra actual function. 间接言语行为理论 (theory of indirect speech acts，Searle 1969, 1975, 1979)是直接言语行为和会话含义的组合理论。Searle 认为，人有时有话不直接说，是出于礼貌等原因，比如说 Can you pass me the salt? 就比直接说 (I request that you) pass me the salt. 来得委婉。 Group1:Sentences concerning the hearers ability to do something. a. Can you pass me the book over? b. Could you type this paper for me ? Group2:Sentences concerning the speakers wish or want that the hearer will do something. a. I