ppt课件-12.2 the structureof d n a（12.2 structureof d n a）.pptVIP

Lesson Overview The Structure of DNA 12.2 The Structure of DNA What are the chemical components of DNA? What clues helped scientists solve the structure of DNA? What does the double-helix model tell us about DNA? THINK ABOUT IT The DNA molecule must somehow specify how to assemble proteins, which are needed to regulate the various functions of each cell. What kind of structure could serve this purpose without varying from cell to cell? Understanding the structure of DNA has been the key to understanding how genes work. Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides DNA is a nucleic acid made up of nucleotides joined into long strands or chains by covalent bonds Nucleic acids are long, slightly acidic molecules originally identified in cell nuclei. Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides, linked together to form long chains. DNA’s nucleotides are made up of three basic components: a 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base The nucleotides that make up DNA are shown. Nitrogenous Bases and Covalent Bonds The nucleotides in a strand of DNA are joined by covalent bonds formed between their sugar and phosphate groups. DNA has four kinds of nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). The nitrogenous bases stick out sideways from the nucleotide chain The nucleotides can be joined together in any order, meaning that any sequence of bases is possible Chargaff’s Rules Erwin Chargaff discovered that the percentages of adenine [A] and thymine [T] bases are almost equal in any sample of DNA. The same thing is true for the other two nucleotides, guanine [G] and cytosine [C]. The observation that [A] = [T] and [G] = [C] became known as one of “Chargaff’s rules.” Franklin’s X-Rays In the 1950s, British scientist Rosalind Franklin used a technique called X-ray diffraction to get information about the structure of the DNA molecule. X-ray diffraction revealed an X-shaped pattern showing that the strands in DNA