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DNA: The Double Helix Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA Structure DNA Structure DNA has a basic structure called a “double helix” DNA has two strands that form the spiral shape These strands are made of repeating subunits called nucleotides Nucleotides Nucleotides Composed of three parts: Sugar (Deoxyribose) Phosphate Group Nitrogenous Base (A, T, C, G) Bonds. Many Bonds. Bonds. Many Bonds. DNA’s double helix is held together with bonds – think spiral staircase! Covalent Bonds Found between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of another Form the railings of the staircase Hydrogen bonds Found between the bases Form the steps of the staircase Each full turn has 10 nucleotide pairs Nitrogenous Bases Nitrogenous Bases There are four types of bases. Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Grouped by rings Pyrimidines: One ring C and T Purines: Two rings A and G Base-Pairing Rules American biochemist Erwin Chargaff discovered that the bases always pair off together! A and T C and G This is called “complementary base pairing” DNA and Chromosomes DNA and Chromosomes The number of chromosomes varies by species from one to many Eukaryotes have two sets and are diploid One from mother, one from father Prokaryotes and sex cells have one set and are are haploid Matching pairs of maternal and paternal chromosomes are called homologous chromosomes Human Chromosomes Human Chromosomes Humans have 46 chromosomes Humans have 23 sets of chromosomes 22 are homologous pairs 1 is a set of sex chromosomes Other living things? Fruit flies have 4 pairs of chromosomes Rice plants have 12 pairs of chromosomes Dogs have 39 pairs of chromosomes DNA Replication Before a cell divides, the DNA inside must copy itself This is done through DNA Replication DNA Replication Animation DNA Replication Step 1: Unwinding DNA helicase binds to the DNA Helicase is an enzyme Helicase begins to move along the DNA and breaks the hydrogen bonds The best area for this is one where there are a lot