ppt课件-introductiontocoxregression-homeuniversity.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Discrete method Models proportional odds: coefficients represent odds ratios, not hazard ratios. For example, at time= 1 month in the hmohiv data, we could ask the question: given that 15 events occurred, what is the probability that they happened to this particular set of 15 people out of the 98 at risk at 1 month? Odds are a function of an individual’s covariates. Recursive algorithm makes it possible to calculate. All possible sets of 15 out of 98! * Ties: conclusion ?We’ll see how to implement in SAS and compare methods (often doesn’t matter much!). *  Evaluation of Proportional Hazards assumption: Recall proportional hazards concept: Hazard for person j (eg a non-smoker) Hazard for person i (eg a smoker) Hazard ratio for smoking * Recall relationship between survival function and hazard function… *  Evaluation of Proportional Hazards assumption: Take log of both sides Multiply both sides by a negative and take logs again i.e., log(-log) survival curves are parallel, and different by log(HR) *  Evaluation of Proportional Hazards assumption: e.g., graph we’ll produce in lab… *  Cox models with Non- Proportional Hazards Violation of the PH assumption for a given covariate is equivalent to that covariate having a significant interaction with time. The covariate multiplied by time Time-interaction coefficient If Interaction coefficient is significant? indicates non-proportionality, and at the same time its inclusion in the model corrects for non-proportionality! Negative value indicates that effect of x decreases linearly with time. Positive value indicates that effect of x increases linearly with time. This introduces the concept of a time-dependent covariate… *  Covariate values for an individual may change over time For example, if you are evaluating the effect of taking the drug raloxifene on breast cancer risk in an observatio