ppt课件-newmaterialsforphotocatalyticwatersplitting-ourstory.pptVIP

New Materials for Photocatalytic Water Splitting Fredrik Skullman MATRL 286G UCSB, 5/26/2010 Instructor: Ram Seshadri New Materials for Photocatalytic Water Splitting, Fredrik Skullman, MATRL 286G, 05/26/2010 Background – Why hydrogen? Clean – no greenhouse gases Energy security – can be produced from abundant sources Economic growth Efficient – fuel cells ~75% efficiency Portable: Car tanks, micro fuel cells… Honda FCX Clarity New Materials for Photocatalytic Water Splitting, Fredrik Skullman, MATRL 286G, 05/26/2010 Problem Need to build up infrastructure Safety concerns Production today – 95% from natural gas which is not renewable and produces CO2 as a byproduct Solution – Split water with renewable energy sources New Materials for Photocatalytic Water Splitting, Fredrik Skullman, MATRL 286G, 05/26/2010 Process Step 1: Photon with energy above 1.23eV (λ~1000 nm) is absorbed. Step 2: Photoexcited electrons and holes separate and migrate to surface. Step 3: Adsorbed species (water) is reduced and oxidized by the electrons and holes. Domen et al. New Non-Oxide Photocatalysts Designed for Overall Water Splitting under Visible Light. J. Phys. Chem. 2007 H2O→2H2+O2 ?V=1.23V, ? G=238kJ/mol New Materials for Photocatalytic Water Splitting, Fredrik Skullman, MATRL 286G, 05/26/2010 Photocatalyst material requirements Band gap: Band gap1.23eV and sufficiently small to make efficient use of solar spectrum (~3eV). Band levels suitable for water splitting. High Crystallinity: Defects can act as recombination sites. Long term stability: Charge transfer used for water splitting and not corrosion. Domen et al. New Non-Oxide Photocatalysts Designed for Overall Water Splitting under Visible Light. J. Phys. Chem. 2007 New Materials for Photocatalytic Water Splitting, Fredrik Skullman, MATRL 286G, 05/26/2010 d0 and d10 metal oxides d0 Ti4+: TiO2, SrTiO3, K2La2Ti3O10 Zr4+: ZrO2 Nb5+: K4Nb6O17, Sr2Nb2O7 Ta5+: ATaO3(A=Li, Na, K), BaTa2O6 W6+: AMWO6 (A=Rb, Cs; M=Nb, Ta) d