c17 b e n t h o s- mc graw hill education（c17 b e n t h o s - mc graw希尔教育）（22页）.docVIP

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c17 b e n t h o s- mc graw hill education（c17 b e n t h o s - mc graw希尔教育）（22页）.doc

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c17 b e n t h o s- mc graw hill education（c17 b e n t h o s - mc graw希尔教育）（22页）

CHAPTER 17 THE BENTHOS: DWELLERS OF THE SEA FLOOR Objectives 1. To introduce the animals and plants that live either in, or on, the sea floor. 2. To show that benthic plants are closely tied to light intensity and are, therefore, found only in shallow-water environments while benthic animals populate the sea floor at all depths. 3. To learn how distributions of benthic organisms can be broken down into depth and energy zones. 4. To show how we sample the benthos and how we may harvest the benthos for food and other important products. Key Concepts Major Concept (I) The large, benthic, multicellular seaweeds are members of a groupcalled algae. Related or supporting concepts: - Benthic seaweeds are found in coastal intertidal and subtidal communities attached to rocks, shells, or any solid object. - Seaweeds are not found in areas with unconsolidated sediment, sand or mud, where they can attach themselves firmly to the bottom. - These organisms contain chlorophyll and photosynthesize. Traditionally, they have been considered members of the plant kingdom, but most biologists only consider them plant-like. - They do not produce flowers or seeds, and their pigments and storage compounds vary from group to group. - To remain fixed to the bottom in these high-energy environments, the benthic algae have developed specialized structures that include (see fig. 17.1): a. a holdfast, or basal organ, which anchors the plant to the bottom, b. a stipe, or stem-like structure connecting the blades to the holdfast, which can be very short or upwards of 35 m (115 ft) in length, and c. blades (the photosynthetic organs), which are leaflike structures connected to the stipe. - Although these structures look very much like those of the flowering plants, most do not serve the same transport functions that they do in true flowering plants. There is no need to transport water up the stipe to the blades. - Because of the variable absorption of light as a functio