h y d r o g r a p h i c s u r v e y i n g a n d f l o w m e a s u r e m e n t s（h y d r o g r p h c v s u r e y i n g n d f l o w m e u r e m e n t年代）（6页）.docVIP

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h y d r o g r a p h i c s u r v e y i n g a n d f l o w m e a s u r e m e n t s（h y d r o g r p h c v s u r e y i n g n d f l o w m e u r e m e n t年代）（6页）.doc

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HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING AND FLOW MEASUREMENTS Hydrographic surveys are those which are made in relation to any considerable body of water; such as a bay, harbor, lake or river. These surveys are made for the purposes of (1) determination of channel depths for navigation, (2) determination of quantities of subaqueous excavation, (3) location of rocks, sandbars, lights and buoys for navigation purposes, (4) measurements of areas subject to scour or silting, and (5) in the case of rivers, surveys are made for flood control, power development, navigation, water supply and water storage. Sounding is used to determine the relief of the bottom of a body of water. The location of a sounding with respect to the shore traverse is determined by one of the following methods as given in Ref. 3. 1. By taking soundings on a known range line and reading one angle either from a boat or from a fixed point on shore. 2. By rowing at a uniform rate along a known range line and taking soundings at equal intervals of time. 3. By taking soundings from a boat at the intersection of known range lines. 4. By reading two angles simultaneously from two fixed points on shore. 5. By taking readings with the transit and stadia. 6. By taking soundings at known distances along a wire stretched between stations. 7. By reading two angles from a boat to three fixed points on shore. In hydrographic surveying, the transit and other instruments used in land surveys are not well suited for use in a boat because of unstable support. An instrument, called the sextant, is mainly used for this kind of survey work. It is called a “sextant” because its limb includes but one sixth of a circle. Ref. 3 gives a good explanation on the uses, adjustments and methods of using sextant. Capacity of Existing Lakes or Reservoirs. There are two general methods to determine the capacity of existing lakes or reservoirs. They are the contour method and the cross-section method. 1. Contour Method. This me