hawaii geology, plate tectonics hot spot（夏威夷地质板块构造热点）（16页）.docVIP

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hawaii geology, plate tectonics hot spot（夏威夷地质板块构造热点）（16页）.doc

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Hawaii: Geology, Plate Tectonics/Hot Spot Hawaii is geologically a unique place on Earth because it is caused by a hot spot. Most islands are found at tectonic plate boundaries either from spreading centers (like Iceland) or from subduction zones (like the Aleutian Islands). There are few hot spots on Earth and the one under Hawaii is right in the middle of one of the largest crustal plates on Earth - the Pacific Plate. A geologic hot spot is an area in the middle of a crustal plate where volcanism occurs. It is easy to geologically explain the volcanism at plate spreading centers and subduction zones but not as easy to explain a hot spot. The molten magma breaks through and produces undersea volcanoes. Some of these volcanoes build up to the surface of the ocean and become islands. Over millions of years the plate may move across the hot spot and the original volcano become extinct but a new volcano will begin to form in the area of the hot spot. The northwest moving Pacific Plate has moved across the hot spot that created the Hawaiian Islands for millions of years. This movement has left the northwest trending island chain (of over 20 islands and atolls) we call Hawaii. As islands move northwest, away from the hot spot, they begin to erode and become volcanically inactive. Over time the island may erode so much it is no longer an island but an underwater seamount. Kaui is the oldest big island now, having formed some 5 million years ago … its volcano considered to be extinct and fully in the process of erosion. Oahu is next, its volcanism is considered to be inactive. Then Maui with its Haleakala crater that could still come to life one more time. And the youngest island is the Big Island of Hawaii itself, with surface lavas all less than one million years. It still has active volcanism. On the seafloor 20 miles to the southeast of Hawaii is an active volcanic area with periodic eruptions. This area is called Loihi and will be the site of the next Hawaiian Is