organismsofthe epipelagic zone- columbia public schools（organismsofthe上层的区域——哥伦比亚公立学校）（6页）.docVIP

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organismsofthe epipelagic zone- columbia public schools（organismsofthe上层的区域——哥伦比亚公立学校）（6页）.doc

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The Pelagic Sea (Open Ocean) – from University of South Florida, Project Oceanography Organisms of the Epipelagic Zone The Epipelagic zone is the uppermost layer of the ocean; it is located between the surface and 600 feet in depth. It is in this thin layer that all photosynthesis takes place. The epipelagic zone only represents 2-3% of the entire ocean, beyond this, light is too dim for photosynthesis to occur. In fact, in all the world’s oceans, 65% of the plankton are in the top 500 meters. Not all surface waters are productive and much is featureless. Therefore in the surface waters, temperature, light, topography, and distance from land tend to determine organism distribution. Phytoplankton need nutrients (fertilizer) in addition to lots of sunlight. Much of the open ocean is nutrient poor and there is little phytoplankton growth. Areas close to land tend to have higher nutrient content because of runoff from land. These areas with higher nutrients have phytoplankton blooms. Zooplankton, (small animals that float with the currents that we think of as fish food) feed on phytoplankton and are present in higher numbers where blooms occur. In the well-lit epipelagic-zone, most predators use vision to seek out prey. There are several adaptations that allow prey organisms to survive here. One adaptation is small size. The most numerous organisms of the sunlit zone, the zooplankton, are small. When you are small, not only are you hard to see, but it is easier it is to stay afloat. If an organism is small and light, it can stay up in the water column longer. Larger gelatinous organisms, like jellyfish are also very hard to see because they are transparent and they have a density close to that of water; this allows them to be both hard to see and neutrally buoyant. Some of these organisms have cilia, tiny hairs on their body, this increases their resistance to sinking, and can also be used for locomotion, touch, or to sense water movement. Most epipelagic fis