chapt的er 4戴炜栋语言学.pptVIP

Modifiers ---- Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of heads. Sentences (the S rule) S ? NP VP S NP VP NP Det N V Det N A boy found the evidence S ? NP infl VP Many linguists believe that sentences, like other phrases, also have their own heads. Infl is an abstract category inflection (dubbed ‘Infl’) as their heads, which indicates the sentence’s tense and agreement. InflP(=S) NP VP Infl Sentences (the S rule) Infl realized by a tense label InflP（=S） NP VP NP Det N Infl V Det N A boy Pst found the evidence Infl realized by an auxiliary InflP（=S） VP NP NP Det N Infl V Det N A boy will find the evidence Transformations Auxiliary movement (inversion) Do insertion Deep structure surface structure Wh-movement Move α and constraints on transformations Auxiliary movement (inversion) Inversion? Move Infl to the left of the subject NP. Inversion (revised)? Move Infl to C. C CP S Det N Infl V the train will arrive NP Auxiliary movement (inversion) CP S C NP Infl Det N Infl V Will the train e arrive Do insertion Do insertion---- Insert interrogative do into an empty Infl position. CP C S NP Infl VP Birds fly CP CP C C S S Infl NP Infl VP NP Infl VP Birds do fly Do birds e fly Figure-1 Figure-2 Figure-3 Deep structure surface structure Consider the following pair of sentences: John is easy to please. John is eager to please. Structurally similar sentences might be very different in their meanings, for they have quite different deep structures. Deep structure surface structure Consider one more sentence: Flying planes can