ppt课件-collisions cosmic accelerators（碰撞宇宙加速器）.pptVIP

Collisions: Cosmic Accelerators  the sky 10 GeV photon energy 10-14 cm wavelength 108 TeV particles exist they should not more/better data arrays of air Cherenkov telescopes 104 km2 air shower arrays ~ km3 neutrino detectors ?g + g??? ?????e+ + e- Cosmic Ray spectrum Telescope = Earth’s Atmosphere Electron/photon shower Muon component Cerenkov radiation Nitrogen fluorescence Neutrinos E ~ G?B M quasars G @ 1 B @ 103G M @?109 Msun blasars 10 neutron stars G @ 1 B @ 1012G M @ Msun black holes . . grb ?? 102 Active Galaxies: Jets Profile of Gamma Ray Bursts Total energy: one solar mass Photon energy: 0.1 MeV to TeV Duration: 0.1 secs -- 20 min Several per day Brightest object in the sky Complicated temporal structure: no ‘typical’ burst profile Two Puzzles or One? Gamma ray bursts Source of the highest energy cosmic rays Particles 1020 eV ? Interaction length of protons in microwave backgroundp + gCMB p + …. Forthcoming AGASA Results The highest energy cosmic rays do come from point sources: 5 sigma correlation between directions of pairs of particles. Birth of proton astronomy! Are the highest energy cosmic rays Fe? GKZ cutoff at ~2 1020 eV ? Particles 1020 eV ? 1024 eV = 1015 GeV ~ MGUT The Oldest Problem in Astronomy: No accelerator No particle candidate (worse than dark matter!) Not photons (excludes extravagant particle physics ideas) Another example:velocity muon velocity light Optical CherenkovNeutrino Telescope Projects ANTARES SITE Atmospheric Muons and Neutrinos ...online 2001 analysis ...online 2001 analysis IceCube 80 Strings 4800 PMT Instrumented volume: 1 km3 (1 Gt) IceCube is designed to detect neutrinos of all flavors at energies from 107 eV (SN) to 1020 eV South Pole South Pole South Pole The IceCube Collaboration Institutions: 11 US and 9 European institutions (most of them are also AMANDA member institut