ppt课件-lecture1 whattolearn- u c l a（演讲1 whattolearn - u c l）.pptVIP

STAT 13 -Lecture 2 Lecture 2 Standardization, Normal distribution, Stem-leaf, histogram Standardization is a re-scaling technique, useful for conveying information about the relative standing of any number of interest with respect to the whole distribution Normal distribution : ideal bell shape curve Stem-leaf, histogram: empirical Measure of dispersion Maximum - minimum=range Average distance from average Average distance from median Interquartile range= third quartile - first quartile Standard deviation = square root of ‘average’ squared distance from mean (NOTE: n-1) The most popular one is standard deviation (SD) Mean or Median Median is insensitive to outliers. Why not use median all the time? Hard to manipulate mathematically Median price of this week (gas) is $1.80 Last week : $2.0 What is the median price for last 14 days? Hard! How about if last week’s median is $1.80 Still hard. The answer : anything is possible! Give Examples. Median minimizes average of absolute distances. Mean is still the more popular measure for the location of “center” of data points What does it minimize? It minimizes the average of squared distance The average squared distance from mean is called variance The squared root of variance is called standard deviation How about the “n-1” (instead of n, when averaging the squared distance), a big deal ? Why? Yes, at least at the conceptual level Population : the collection of all data that you imagine to have (It can be really there, but most often this is just an ideal world) Sample : the data you have now ALL vs. AML example =====well-trained statistician++++ Use sample estimates to make inference on population parameters; need sample size adjustment (will talk about this more later) One standard deviation within the mean covers about 68 percent of data points Two standard deviation within the mean cover about 95 percent of data points The rule is derived under “normal curve” Examples for how to use normal table. Normal dis