ppt课件-lecture6 vector- texas a m university（lecture6向量-德州一个m大学）.pptVIP

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ppt课件-lecture6 vector- texas a m university（lecture6向量-德州一个m大学）.ppt

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I/O Devices RAID Motivation: Who Cares About I/O? CPU Performance: 60% per year I/O system performance limited by mechanical delays (disk I/O) 10% per year (IO per sec) Amdahls Law: system speed-up limited by the slowest part! 10% IO 10x CPU = 5x Performance (lose 50%) 10% IO 100x CPU = 10x Performance (lose 90%) I/O bottleneck: Diminishing fraction of time in CPU Diminishing value of faster CPUs Big Picture: Who cares about CPUs? Why still important to keep CPUs busy vs. IO devices (CPU time), as CPUs not costly? Moores Law leads to both large, fast CPUs but also to very small, cheap CPUs 2002 Hypothesis: 2 GHz PC is fast enough for MS Office? PC industry slowdown since PCs fast enough except for games, new apps? People care more about about storing information and communicating information than calculating Information Technology vs. Computer Science 1960s and 1980s: Computing Revolution 1990s and 2000s: Information Age I/O Systems Storage Technology Drivers Driven by the prevailing computing paradigm 1950s: migration from batch to on-line processing 1990s: migration to ubiquitous computing computers in phones, books, cars, video cameras, … nationwide fiber optical network with wireless tails Effects on storage industry: Embedded storage smaller, cheaper, more reliable, lower power Data utilities high capacity, hierarchically managed storage Disk Device Terminology Several platters, with information recorded magnetically on both surfaces (usually) Disk Device Performance Disk Latency = Seek Time + Rotation Time + Transfer Time + Controller Overhead Seek Time? depends no. tracks move arm, seek speed of disk Rotation Time? depends on speed disk rotates, how far sector is from head Transfer Time? depends on data rate (bandwidth) of disk (bit density), size of request Disk Device Performance Average distance sector from head? 1/2 time of a rotation 10000 Revolutions Per Minute ? 166.67 Rev/s 1 revolution = 1/ 166.67 sec ? 6.00 ms 1/2 rotation (revoluti